Economic Benefits of the Commonwealth Games: Manchester

Economic Benefits of the soil Games ManchesterEconomic benefits that Manchester gained by swarming the state of matter Games 2002This account discusses Manchesters arraying of the 2002 Common riches games, and how it was employ as a catalyst for urban regeneration. It discusses the theory and history behind servering Mega characters.The precept behind cities pushding for mega way outs has shifted. They tenderize non lonesome(prenominal) to raise the image of their urban center on the land stage, only whenton intake the parvenue facilities as a catalyst for urban regeneration.The Manchester case study is drawn from the paperal anesthetic anaesthetic council websites and reports published during and later on the bourneination. This gave an acuteness into the presbyopic barrier frugal gains for the metropolis.The paper concludes that the soldiersing and the urban regeneration were fortunate for Manchester. This success has promoted an opposite(prenominal) cities to bid for Mega outcomes.2.0 IntroductionThere ar triad advents that argon described as mega occurrences, the Footb entirely land cup, the prodigious and dry land games. These pillow slips argon held every four-spot years, with cities around the world program line to host them. For the purpose of this paper the discussion go away be on the Olympic and demesne games. The main Focus give be on Manchester hosting of the2002 Commonwealth games.Mega egresss as steeped in tradition, they ar a broadcast for host cities to raise what they brush aside do. Cities plan for them years in advance, putting their bid off so they drive out succeed on the worlds stage. When a metropolis is lucky in a bid, there atomic number 18 other cities that argon disappointed. This paper discusses Manchesters successful Commonwealth games bid after 2 failight-emitting diode Olympic bids.When a metropolis hosts a Mega feature it is in the existence eye, everybody remembers the spectacle of the applying and closing ceremonies. What is non so public is all the formulation behind the scenes, committing resources to the success of the games. These resources be committed at an primeval stage the bid has to be viable to be considered.The rational for hosting games has shifted from the prestige associated with the maintenance of the worlds media, to a tool for regenerating plus areas of the host city. Therefore the livelyness of the venues has shifted from temporary buildings, to coarse consideration facilities for the local communities.Some cities hosting mega events are looking at the unyielding term custom for the new facilities after the event, in the past a lot of these buildings were build as temporary structures and pul conduct down gyply after the closing ceremony. This is viewed by some commentators as waste of resources, with prolonging the life of these buildings cities, can benefit long after the games are finished.This shift has attr acted new cities to bid for Mega events, with the justification that it will lead to scotch growth both short and long-term. The benefit can be two fold, raising the image of the city and regenerating a rundown area. Although non all host cities direct been successful at obtaining growth, some are still repaying the debt that was run up to host the games. The resources that man-to-manly city has ploughed into memory these prestige games are immense. To succeed they quest the backing of local residents, council, versions providers, grants, the government and their agencies. This should be incorpo reckon at the provision stage to increase the chance of a successful bid.The value to local residents of a city hosting a mega event is immense in economic terms. It is not only the new facilities that can generate income, if the games are a success, the city can attract tourism long after the event.The games cannot be viewed in isolation of the jazzy stage, there is the build-up to the bid, the intend of hosting the games and the long term value they van add to the city. All these factors make up a successful mega event bid.Manchester spent a long conviction planning for the games. This is illustrated in the magazine line that appears in the appendices of this paper. This was not an easy ride, as financial hassles walk outed the plans. Manchester overcame these and held the 2002 Commonwealth games.3.0 Aims and objectivesThe aim of this paper is to assess the economic blow of cities hosting mega event this will concentrate on the 2002 common wealth games held in Manchester.The objectives are An in depth analysis of the history of mega events, with the resources and planning to host much(prenominal) an eventAn analysis of the economic benefits that can be gained and the dis proceedss of hosting a major boast event.4.0 MethodologyThis chapter discusses the query methods utilise for the fuddle and the rationale for their choice. It discusses method s that were not functiond, with justification of why they were not take ond.Included is a critique of methods selected, and with hindsight identifies every changes that would cook levyd the question.This paper deprecatively evaluates the disturb of the 2002 Commonwealth games on the city of Manchester. This paper will investigate the economic impact of a mega event and the subsequent urban regeneration. This will be compared to other host cities, both with the Commonwealth and Olympic games.Selection of the topic was stimulated and make out of heightened publicity on the topic. The aim of keeping the games was not only publicity for the city but to use it as a tool of urban regeneration. The nature of the re look to was discussed with colleagues and fellow students this not only added practical ideas and suggestions, it opened new avenues of thought.This was the discussed with lecturers sounding out ideas, gauging opinions and elucidative the question.Focusing in on the que stion was obtained by employing relevance trees, limiting the research area.This gave direction to the research, although with reviewing the literature this changed several sequences (Buzau, J. 1995).Next, a research proposal was compiled, with the benefit of organising ideas and setting a fourth dimension-scale for research.Theoretically, the proposal would highlight any difficulties with the research question and access to information.Creating a time-scale would focus on tar hails and admit deadlines in the comp permition of the paper.The literature review, discussing theories and ideas that exist on the topic formed the foundation of the paper.The findings from the research are then tested on theories for harshness (Saunders, M. et al1997).The literature review was challenging, there is very dinky academic research on the topic area. Most of the literature focused on individuals performances at the games, and the impact of hosting the Olympic Games. This culture proved germane(predicate) in understanding the justification for statement for mega events. Journals and newspaper articles were the back off-white for the review, together with internet sites and reports.Tertiary entropy sources, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as subroutine library catalogues and indexes were used to scan for secondary information.This produced journals and newspaper articles, and Internet addresses.With the hail of literature, it took time to sort out relevant natural to the research.Narrowing down the search Bells (1993) cardinal points parameters was applied.Applying key out language that were identified in the first search produced relevant and up-to-date material (Bell, J.1993).A limitation on the literature search was the measuring rod of time to read all articles and books on the subject. Whilst reviewing the literature references to other publications were followed and reviewed.Bells checklist on identifying the relevance of liter ature found was a practical method to reduce the amount of reading (Bell, J. 1993).A case study on the impact on the city of Manchester of the 2002Commonwealth games was chose to replace primary research. This would report the actual benefits gained by re- form such a major event. There is a lot of education pre directed in articles on the benefits of hosting Mega games, but little on the problems.Therefore a lot of information was rejected due to the bias of the content. Articles and web sites were used to form a picture of the impact. This would then be compared with the literature and preceding host citiesTo produce primary entropy the success of a mega event proved to be vast task, taking a lot of time to produce results. Internal and external operations of several organisations, providers, spectators and competitors would have to be compared to reach any level of validity. Instead it was decide to review a case study. This was then compared to the literature review.5.0 Lite rature ReviewThis branch will review all the relevant literature on mega events, including cities that have bid and hosted them together with the history of the games. The review will also discuss the rationale behind bidding and the benefits it can bring to a City who hosts an mega event.5.1 Mega EventsMega events are regularly defined as special events, these have bizarre status. Hamilton, (1997) modify these events swaying similar features, including world(prenominal) dimensions, short-termed, and may be either a champion-off detail or conducted on a regular cycle. From the literature, size emerges as a dominant distinguishing feature separating mega from non-mega events. Both the Olympics and the commonwealth games fall into this category, they are international, short termed and held on a regular cycle. They are held every four years, at different locations (Hamilton, L 1997124). dissipated events are chop-chop increasing in popularity as a mean of attracting attention to particular geographic locations (Getz, 1998).Increasingly, cities are basing their marketing around Mega events(e.g. Manchester and the Commonwealth Games), in order to maximise the benefits to be achieved from event-driven tourism, sponsorship, and media exposure. Sporting events make up an all- heavy(prenominal) part of the overall Mega event labor. In reality there are a limited phone number of Mega debauched events that exist. This has led to fierce contest among cities to be successful in winning the phone line of playing event host (Getz, (1998) cited inWesterner, H et al 2002303).5.2 Resources RequiredThe size of an event can be discussed in four different ways. First is determined by the noticeable interestingness of national and regional government authorities. Government agencies provide an event with the victimization of policies, infrastructure or making resources available supporting the attr do of events to major cities(Westerner, H teal 2002).Higher techni cal strugglencies are inevitable, such as advanced facilities, suitable event location and skilled personnel these are directly relate to size of the event. The demands placed on services provided by host cities to deliver an event is of professional quality when compared to other event types. The technical competencies essential satisfy number of hirements. This includes the technical standards set by international federations pertaining to competition, non-competition elements (accommodation and transport) and personnel issues competition focal point, and personnel issues(Westerner, H et al 2002).The higher(prenominal) competencies are a requirement for the event management team, made up of both bid and operational teams, it is still of expert people heart-to-heart of carrying out professional relations with event owners and organisers front to and throughout the event as well as having the technical expertise to stage the event(Westerner, H et al2002).The hosting City r equires broad support from both direct and confirming stakeholders. Overall approval mustiness come from the general public, government, ( mark) markets and other billet sectors. The bouffant amount of capital invested from the public purse in bidding for and staging an event, it is essential for strong conjunction support for the process (Ernst Young, (1992) cited inWesterner, H et al2002305).5.3 Planning for the GamesInternational and worldwide events are more(prenominal) than important now than ever before. In most countries major events are operative to all levels of society and institutions, whether at local or national level. Sporting events dominate abundant sections of the press, television and radiobroadcasts. Therefore event management has plough an industry in its own right, with both specialist organisations and individuals(Torkildson, G 2005).The ratiocination making process for the bid will develop a long term strategic plan (Johnson G, , Scholes, K 2004). This dodge is the direction and capableness of an organisation, (i.e. the committee forth games) which achieves advantages through its configuration of resources within the changing environment. The strategy answers both the questions where do you want to go? and how do you want to get there?The first question is answered when the bid is accepted and the second is answered when the strategies are planned (Mullins L2005).Planning is the first stage of suffering the training of the city for the electrical capacity to hold the games. Managers are required to step back to look at the environment, competitors, market place and review both the versed and external strengths and weaknesses. A SWOT analysis will focus the managers on both internal and external factors that can affect a new strategy. The host city must recognise its strengths and utilise them, and reduce weak areas through planning (Groucutt, J. teal 2004).Managerial decisions are made to identify what is required to i mplement the new strategy. What are the new resources are required? I.e. Property, finance or employees, and how will the city gain these resources?Then the risk should be assessed for its long term value to the host. Strategies should not only be considered on how they will affect existing resource capabilities, but also if needed new resources and how they will be controlled. The costs to the host should be weighed against the long term gains, and if needed it can be reviewed, accessed and amended accordingly (G, Johnson K, Scholes, 2004).Mega Events are a dynamic and multi-dimensional phenomena, there are at the same time, urban events, tourist events, media events and international global events. They are the subject of collective merged recourse, with action in each of the sections. Therefore amulet dimensional get is required in the planning and managing of the games. This requires multi-disciplinary team based approach(Torkildson, G 2005).5.4 Marketing kilter et al (1993) identify several target markets to which place marketers direct their attention. These include visitors athletes, officials, spectators and the media, residents and cogitationers, pedigree and industry, and export markets. The focus of neat events is on the visitor segment, including line of products and non- note line visitors. avocation visitors include persons who travel to a place for meetings, conventions, to inspect sites or to buy or sell a product. Non-business visitors include tourists who travel to see the place and travellers who are visiting family and friends. Individuals travelling to particular destination to accompany the event or teams and participants attending events as well as organizing committees and such can also be categorized as non-business visitors (Kilter, P et al 1993).The increase in the competition and the globalisation has not only thoroughgoing(a) the extent of competition in the markets but mainly saturated the target markets itself as argu ed by Brassington and Pettit (2003).This is mainly because of the fact that the high level of competition among the participating organisations in a given market segment has increase the product range leaving the customers with an endless variety of products to choose for straight their requirements. This level of saturation has also increase the need for further phylogenesis in the market in order to achieve competitive advantage as well as sustainable growth in the business (Brassington, F and Pettit, S 2003).Therefore mega events will if correctly marketed stand wholly as a once only product. This product offers a unique entry into a market, there is little comparative competition, although all sport and leisure will compete for their market share. Although a Mega event is no normally at the same level as the existing competition. This approach is accomplished through the geographical spread either nationally or internationally by the host (Lynch, R 2003).The domestic and/or i nternational media, coupled with the selling of send rights, are important characteristics of mega events The support of the media prior to or during an event guarantees exposure and consequently raises world-wide awareness of the event and host city. The 2000 Olympics in Sydney generated in excess of $1.3 billion in receipts from broadcasting the Games, indicating the substantial financial returns for event owners, organisers and the host city brought about by media support for the event ( Westerner, H et al2002).5.5 Sponsorship merged sponsorship of sports and other events is one of the straightaway growing forms of marketing communications used to reach target audiences. The rate of growth in sponsorship uses is greater than for traditional media advertising and sales promotion. Corporate spending on sponsorship worldwide was estimated to grow 12 present in2001 (Roy, D and Cornwell, T 2003).Sponsorship is viewed as a means of avoiding this clutter by alter sponsors to identi fy and target well-defined audiences in terms of demographics and lifestyles. Linking a filth with an event via sponsorship modifys firms to gain consumers attention and interest by associating with events that are important to them. Despite the increased use of sponsorship to reach market segments there has been little research on the impact of sponsorship on consumer behaviour(Roy, D and Cornwell, T 2003). while sports sponsorship activities range from providing athletes with uniforms to funding entire areas, the basic principle behind such sponsor ships appears to be their proposed ability to increase brand equity by means of enhancing brand image. There are several key goals associated with bodily sponsorship of events such as (1) enhanced brand image via associations with positively perceive events (2)increased goodwill via perceptions of corporate generosity and (3)elevated brand awareness due to increased exposure (Miyazaki, A and Morgan, A 2001).The high prices paid for Olympic sponsorships reveals that at least some organisations find these efforts to be worthwhile. This is illustrated by comments from top corporate officials that the Olympics are the most important marketing opportunity of the decade and management suggestions that this enthronisation will heighten global recognition and increase revenue (Miyazaki, A and Morgan, A 20019).5.6 TourismIn the 1980s and 1990s, political, economic, and technological ontogenys that led to the global scrimping became a feature of the environment within which cities compete for economic growth. This trade in goods and services has pose increasingly open and internationally competitive cities had to compete with cities from around the world for investment capital, businesses, and tourists. Cities such as New York, London, and Tokyo have perish global or world cities in the urban hierarchy. These cities contain the largest variety of pagan and amusement facilities of the highest quality, such as mus eums, galleries, opera houses, theatres, and concert halls (Burbank, J et al2002)Therefore other cities are a disadvantage when competing for tourism. The pursuit of hosting a mega-event is a apparatus for economic growth. This strategy relies on obtaining a single event large enough to be seen as a way to generate hereafter economic growth. Many events can bring tourists and attention to a city, but the mega-events sufficiently large that it creates a single focal point and timeframe for complementary event-related development. It is also noted that stadiums and sports teams are luxuries that financially strapped cities can ill give in because holding a mega event can provide the city with these facilities for the future (Burbank, J et al 2002)The number of tourists to an area where a mega event is due to take place increases.Individuals are drawn to destinations because of omega (sporting) event rather than the region itself. For employment, tourism estimates of visits to Syd ney between 1997 and 2004, as direct answer to the Olympic Games, have been set at 1.7 million. Actual visits for the period during 2000 have been estimated to be 20 percent of this total (Forecast, 2001).Arising from the growth of the tourism industry has been an emphasis on place (or city) marketing and promotion and the emergence of mega sporting events to support and enhance this promotion. Place marketing represents the techniques utilised by received organisations to raise the awareness of their particular destination to specified target markets.promotional objectives relate to capturing the attention of international visitors and to providing information in an endeavour to tempt them to travel to a specific destination (Moutinho, L and Wits 1994).5.7 attending of EventsA standard set of economic factors would be expected to affect demand for attending. Price of admission and, more for the most part, the opportunity cost of attention (including cost of travel, car parki ng, food and beverages at the venue, and programme), would be predicted to be negatively related to attendance. Income of the potential audience at sporting contest, and size of tribe in the potential market for contest, would be expected to be related positively to attendance. Availability and price of substitutes would also influence attendance. Some substitutes baron be considered direct, such as the live broadcast of the event. otherwise substitutes will be indirect, for example, attending a different sporting event or contest or other types of entertainment alternatives such as theatre or movies (Borland andMacdonald, R 2003)Macroeconomic factors could have an impact on attendance such as threat of un involution. Although it has been suggested that attendance at sporting events may constitute a social outlet for inactive persons, therefore the attendance is higher as the rate of unemployment increases (Borland, J andMacdonald, R 2003)The infrastructure of the venue has a di rect impact on attendance to the events. The quality of viewing, the facilities at the stadium, the quality of seating the impact of adverse prevail conditions distance from contest and extent of vision to different parts of the sporting field. Catering and bathroom facilities can also have an impact(Borland, J andMacdonald, R 2003)5.8 Economic BenefitsThe national governments involvement in legal transfer events to a city is on the increase. The level of spending dedicated to biding for an event demonstrates the strength of governments backing. This is to the detriment of the competition with other (cultural) activities undertaken by government and other interest groups. Openly supporting abide increases the pressure of accountability to the public and hence support will only be given, if it is clear that justifiable and measurable benefits for all stakeholders are generated by hosting the event (Westerner, H et al 2002).The economic activity associated with staging mega sporting event can create significant economic benefits for the host destination. Howard and Crompton (1995) defined the economic impact as the net economic change in a host economy that results from spending attributed to sports event or facility. Economic impact studies enable the quantification of the benefits to a community to be as authoritativeed in order to apologize the investment in the event (Howard, D and Crompton, J199555).The Olympic Games provide an pellucid example of significant economic contribution by a mega sporting event. The 1984 Los Angeles Olympics made a profit of US$125 million with the capital of South Korea Olympics exceeding that profit by a further US$50 million. Outcomes of this magnitude serve to encourage cities to bid for high status events (Law, C 1993).In September 1990, Atlanta won the bid to host the 1996 summertime Olympic Games. In spite of the approximately $2.5 billion price tag, the benefits derived from hosting the Olympic Games were expected to outweigh the costs. Positive media attention, construction of facilities and infrastructure, and employment increases were identified as the primary beneficial output of this massive endeavour. The cash in function during mega games is relatively easy to identify, the legacy of the games in terms of long-term benefits is more difficult to measure. The positive employment impact of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, led to a 17% increase in long term employment in the surrounding area (Hotchkiss, J et al 2003).It must be noted at this point that not all events are successful financially. While focusing on the economic benefits presented by mega sporting events, there are significant financial burdens that such events place on host communities. This financial commitment to events often requires a degree of community attention through public funding. The external benefits associated with mega sporting events enable this financial attention to be classified as an investment, with clear r eciprocal benefits to the host community (Westerner, H et al 2002).Once the mega-event policy is underway, extra-local interests fix increasingly live to a successful outcome. Hosting modern games requires the authority and cooperation of not only the host city, but other state and local governments and agencies as well. Moreover, the financial demands of the games require support from local public and private sources, but are increasingly dependent on multinational corporations and the government (Burbank, J et al 2002). some(prenominal) global cities have had their fingers burned by over ambitious sports development plans. Sydney found itself in trouble finding permanent use for sphere Australia. The Manchester bid, while ambitious, was also realistic. It already had the G-Mix Centre and MEN arena, Old Trafford and Maine highroad football grounds. It has added to this the velodrome, an aquatics centre, Sport-city, and the City of Manchester stadium. These facilities are part o f the long term regeneration, the aquatic centre has been appropriately sited for the citys three universities Sport-city is to become one of 10 regional centres of excellence in sport and the stadium will be used jointly by Manchester City football club and community teams (Anonymous 2002).5.9 urban RenewalThe Olympic Games are regarded as the worlds most prestigious sporting occasion. They are representative of mega events in that they are transitory, bring short-term international participation and attention and can have long-term consequences for the host city. There is considerable investment in both sporting facilities and the supporting infrastructure, although after the games these then become legacies to the host city.The costs involved in hosting the Games are now so high that host cities can often only justify the expenditure when it is seen as leading to a major programme of regeneration and gain (Essexs and Chalked, B. 1997).Harvey (1989) has discussed that urban poli cies to compensate Forde-industrialisation have become more proactive and entrepreneurial often involving some form of interurban competition for jobs and investment. The use of urban spectacles, such as major sporting events, as a strategy for urban renewal are being seen as one of the main products of post-modern society This is also a means by which cities press their personality, enhance their status and advertise their position on the global stage. Urban politics have shifted to ales bureaucratic, more entrepreneurial and autonomous stance (Harvey 1989).An example of these new urban politics is Manchesters Olympic bids of the 1980s and 1990s, in which local government-based decision-making and bureaucratic politics were essentially replaced bay dynamic business leadership (Essex, S and Chalked, B. 1997).For the host cities there is important justification for bidding to stage the Games, particularly in recent years, the stimulus to economic development and urban regeneration. The event can promote economic activity as a result of the jobs created by the vast numbers of tourists visiting the city before, during and after the event. The construction of sports facilities can also play a fiber in programmes of urban renewal by, for example, introducing new sporting and recreational facilities into previously under-provided areas. On broader scale, preparations for the event can also provide a means of justifying new investment in transport infrastructure and in projects to enhance the citys landscape and physical appearance (Essex, S andChalkley, B. 1997)5.10 memoir of Mega eventsThere are several games that are held on a four yearly cycle these include the Olympics, Commonwealth, and the world cup. Each has grown in stature with more cities bidding for the right to stage them. The information under was extracted from both the Olympics and Commonwealth Games web sites.The first Commonwealth Games were the product of discussions and ideas dual-lane over a thirty year period. John Cooper proposed sports and cultural gatherings for English speaking nations in 1891. In 1911 sport competitions were part of the fiesta of the Empire in London, in which athletes from England, Canada, South Africa and Australasia competed (www commonwealthgames.org).The first games in Hamilton Ontario, Canada consisted of six sports, with around 400 athletes from 11 nations. The name of the games has changed frequently. The first four games were cognize as the British Empire Games. The name was changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games for the 1954-1962 editions. From 1966 to 1974 the name British Commonwealth Games was used and from 1978 to the present the Commonwealth GamesKuala Lumpur, Malaysia hosted a very successful 1998 edition of the Commonwealth Games. The Queens billy was carried to the stadium on an elephant and presented to Prince Edward by Malaysias first ever Commonwealth medal winner Kohl Eng. Tong, a bronze medallist in press fro m the 1954 gamesThe Olympic Games are steeped in history. Today, the Olympic Games are the worlds largest pageant of gymnastic skill and competitive spirit. They are also displays of nationalism, commerce and politics. These two argue elements of the Olympics are not a modern invention. The conflict between the Olympic movements high ideals and the commercialism or political acts which accompany the Games has been noted since past timesAccording to legend, the ancient Olympic Games were founded by Heracles son of Zeus. yet the first Olympic Games for which we still have written records were held in 776 BCE (though it is generally believed that the Games had been going on for many a(prenominal) years already). Approximately1500 years later, a young person Frenchmen named Pierre de Coubertin began their revival. The revival of the ancient Olympics in 1896 attracted athletes from 14 nations. The largest delegations came from Greece, Germany, France and Great Britain. Winners were awarded a silver medal and an olive branchTo conclude the games are steeped in history and are a prestige event for any city to host. They can raise the citys image on the world wide stage, thereby attracting tourism in the future. But an emerging factories they can be a catalyst for urban regeneration, therefore the value of holding the games can be immense to host city, if it is conducted right.6.0 Case Study ManchesterThis section will present the facts of Manchester successful bid forth 2002 Commonwealth games. The information is from the City Councils web site, reports and articles. The second part will pre entropy Vault in entropy Warehouse Advantages and Disadvantages information Vault in selective information Warehouse Advantages and DisadvantagesApplications, Implementation, Merits and Limitations of selective information overleap in information storeAbstract Business companies face many challenges in exploiting and analyzing selective information held in diverse sou rces. information spring is the latest information store methodology which caters the business call for of flexibility, scalability, agility and large volume of entropy repositing which the prior existing mannikins fail to bestow. Brief info drop architecture, applications of data drop to improve technologies, merits and limitations of data bank overlook are proposed in the review. selective information vault 2.0 a latest methodology which can subjugate certain limitations of data vault is also proposed.Keywords-Data vault Data vault 2.0 Data WarehouseData warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-varying, non-volatile collection of data that is used primarily in presidential termal decision making. It is a particularly prepared repository of data. While Building a data warehouse, aspects such as data examplelingling, management of business project, risk management, user or organization requirements must be taken into consideration. For many years, Data warehouse architecture consisted of Inmon or Kimball methodology. Each methodology picture has its own pros and cons but are unable to meet the requirements of handling large volume of data process and re-engineering of data.Inmon stated that data warehouse is a duplicate of transactional data that is specially structured for the purpose and analysis and querying. It a data driven model where the data is loaded without knowing in prior the user information. In this model data warehouse and the data marts are separated and have their own storage, scalability and traceability in response to the user requirements. It is time variant, non-volatile, costly and not user-friendly.Kimball made an innovative approach by making the data warehouse more user friendly by the concept of dimensional modelling. It is composed of facts and dimension tables which provides user the prerequisite information for decision making. The Kimball data warehouse is consistent of data marts making the initia l cost lesser. The Kimball data warehouse is consistent of data marts making the initial cost lesser.With large amount of data from multiple sources and regular business rules changes, Inmon and Kimball data modelling approaches become less effective. whence a founder evolved model of data vault is created by Dan linstedt.The Data Vault is a detail oriented, historical track and uniquely linked set of normalized tables that support one or more functional areas of business. It is a hybrid approach encompassing the best of extend between 3rd normal form (3NF) and star schema. The digit makes the model in force(p) to store large volumes of data and changes of business rules do not require changes in the data warehouse hence it is cost cost-effective and user friendly.The data sources are in 3rd NF and data marts work in star schema. The data vault components are Hubs, Links and sends. Hubs contain the unique list of business keys and depicting core concepts of business such as customer, sales and are vital to identify and track their information. Business keys should have historical uniqueness. Links are the connections that relates two or more business keys and other links. The hub imposes the links granularity in relation to the link. Satellite contain the descriptive data that provides context to hubs and links business keys and contains only one parent table. When data changes occur in data warehouse, the descriptive changes are captured in satellites.Two major technological works is reviewed where data vault is applied to increase the system and business performances1. Droid vault a trusted data vault for android device and a guaranteed platform that provides sensitive data protection from malicious softwares for data owners. The model contains two layers of data storage, the green layer where the pay back data are tasteful and the red layers that processes the un control data. Droid vault has three components 1. DPM maintains a secure channel for secure data transfer. The sensitive data are encrypted before the data is sent from the droid vault to the android file system. The Bridae mental faculty acts an interface. The I/O module secures the user input and display. A unique public/private key is set up for authentication which is one time registered password in the droid vault for secure data transfer to the untrusted android OS users. The design of DV hence provides confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data. The limitation of the model is a secure environment will provide limited storage hence the data is moved to the untrusted android filesystem. This downside requires additional extra encryption process in the droid vault.2. Data vaults database technology for scientific file repository.Scientific researches is need of efficient technology to explore and manage high volumes of data storage which is rapidly increasing. Hence a data vault technology for storing large volumes of scientific data is constructed. Meta data managed by workflow systems or the file names let researchers search for data. DBMS can approach this issue by impact information at the data storage site, providing malleable query use to analyze and reduce information to TB of data. The limitations of this approach are 1.it is wordy and costly to load the state of art DBMS and DMS will not support specific scientific domain file formats. The solution to this problem in MongoDB data vault. The data vault components are 1.the data vault wrapper facilitates communication with metadata external file repositories and data access. The virtual data warehouse structure is managed by the data vault cache. The data vault optimizer searches the best query execution plans. The data vault hold the data in its original place format and parallelly allows transparent metadata and analysis, access of data using query language. The main advantage is the business rules can be applied in advance before the actual loading of data. Hence data v ault provides extended functionality and flexibility.Structural information is separated from descriptive information for reasons of flexibility and avoidance of re-engineering in the case of a change.The Data Vault allows parallel loading of data and suitable for processing large amount of data when compared to the previous available techniques.The data are not processed or filtered. Change of data are never do and can process large amounts of data.Flexible, scalable and integrated data model and agile ready and final exploitation of data is not allowed.Data Vault is only power user accessible. Data in the Data Vault is not cleansed or quality checked and the benefits of data vault are indirect but very real.Data backup is necessary for the business and more up-front is required for long term payoff. The data vault architecture may be flexible and scalable but does not guarantee the reports generated are fully correct.Data Vault model introduces many joins and integration problems also unstructured data cannot be processed. Data must be made into information BEFORE delivering to the business.Data vault 1.0 is destitute of snowflake data model. Most of source data typically are not tracked by change hence forcing a re-load.Metadata must be defined in column based level for the business for storage paradigm to make sense. As the complexity of business rules increases the first step of parallelism and scalability decreases.Scalability decrease will result in more time consumption for amount of information that is passed for processing.Data vault 2.0 is the latest data warehousing methodology which is a novel and improved version to overcome certain downside of data vault 1.0. The advantages are 1) The must use of chop up key as surrogate key enable the flexibility of data loading in parallel due to independent between satellites therefore paving way for usage of unstructured data in data vaults. 2) Data Vault 2.0 is zero dependency type architecture. The dat a across different can be joined easily, hence allowing data vault to be built in multiple platforms and can adapt better to changes.CRITICAL ANALYSISDue to demand of processing large volumes of data and continuous changes in the business rules, data vault model is superior to Inmon and Kimball methodologies in terms of flexibility, agility and scalability and cost. The data vault 2.0 plays a critical role in minimizing certain important drawbacks. Data vault methodology should be more evolved to overcome the current limitations thereby providing better business and user solution.CONCLUSIONThe data vault methodology proves to be an sharp solution for the data warehouse for reasons of agility, flexibility, scalability etc. The data vault design make the model very effective for storing large volumes of data. The technology applications such as droid vault and data vault for scientific repositories have been modelled with use of data vault was benefitted in terms of security and sto rage and more. The data vault is advantageous but also has its limitations. Some of the important limitations are overcome by the latest data vault2.0 methodology. The data vault limitations should be overcome effectively by understanding the business and user needs and create more solutions in a cost-effective way in line with requirements.REFERENCESStuart Lewis, Lorraine Beard, Mary McDerby, Robin Taylor, Thomas Higgins, Clarie Knowles, Developing a Data Vault, The International Journal of Digital Curation, Vol 11, No 1 (2016)Milena Ivanova, Yaiz Kargin, Martin Kersten, Stefan Manegold, Ying Zhang, Mihai Datcu, Daniela Espinoza Molina, Data vaults a database welcome to scientific file repositories, IEEE, Computing in Science plan ( Volume 15, Issue 3, May-June 2013 ).Lamia Yessad, Aissa Labiod, Comparative study of data warehouses fashion model approaches Inmon, Kimball and Data Vault, IEEE, System Reliability and Science (ICSRS).Xiaolei Li, Hong Hu, Guangdong Bai, DroidVault A Trusted Data Vault for Android Devices, IEEE, Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (ICECCS), 4-7 Aug. 2014.V. Jovanovic, D. Subotic, S. 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